# Wi-Fi software architecture
The Wi-Fi software architecture comprises the following components.
| Component | Description |
| --- | --- |
| [User space](https://docs.qualcomm.com/doc/80-70033-14/topic/wifi-sw-arch.html#user-space-components) |
|
| [Kernel space](https://docs.qualcomm.com/doc/80-70033-14/topic/wifi-sw-arch.html#kernel-space-components) | |
| [Driver](https://docs.qualcomm.com/doc/80-70033-14/topic/wifi-sw-arch.html#ath11k-driver-components) |
Facilitates communication between the operating system (OS) and the wireless network hardware.
Initializes the firmware and downloads Board Data Files (BDF) required to bring up the WLAN RF.
Manages the control path and data path required for the 802.11 protocol.
|
| [Firmware](https://docs.qualcomm.com/doc/80-70033-14/topic/wifi-sw-arch.html#firmware-components) |
A software component embedded in the Wi-Fi hardware device.
Manages low-level communication with the hardware.
Handles 802.11 protocol-based tasks like scanning for networks, establishing connections, and transmitting data over Wi-Fi hardware.
|
## ath11k driver software architecture
The following figure shows the high-level Wi-Fi software architecture with ath11k driver:

**Wi-Fi software architecture with ath11k driver**
## User space components
The user space contains the following key components:
| Component | Description |
| --- | --- |
| wpa\_supplicant |
Manages secure connections to Wi-Fi networks.
Supports various security protocols, including WPA3, WPA2, and legacy ones.
|
| Host access point daemon (hostapd) |
Enables a network interface card to function as an access point and authentication server.
Transforms your device into a wireless hotspot.
Provides Wi-Fi connectivity and handles authentication to ensure that devices connected to the network are authorized.
Supports various authentication methods, including WPA, WPA2, WPA3, and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP).
Functions as a remote authentication dial-in user service (RADIUS) client for communication with a RADIUS server.
Includes an integrated EAP server for certain EAP methods.
|
## Kernel space components
The kernel space contains the following key components:
| Component | Description |
| --- | --- |
| cfg80211 |
Manages the configuration of wireless devices.
Interfaces with mac80211, which uses the hardware-specific lower level ath11k driver.
|
| Network stack | |
| mac80211 |
Implements open-source WLAN protocols as part of the Linux kernel.
Handles the registration and configuration of the network subsystem through cfg80211. cfg80211 implements this configuration through nl80211 and wireless extensions (WEXT).
|
## ath11k driver components
The ath11k driver contains the following key components:
| Component | Description |
| --- | --- |
| MAC interface |
>
>
>
> Interfaces with mac80211 through ath11k_ops.
> Sends data and management frames to the data path.
> Sends configuration commands to the WMI path.
>
|
| Control path | |
| Data path | |
| Host software-firmware interface | |
| WMI/HTT |
Implements high-level protocols between the host driver and firmware running on WLAN Qualcomm Hexagon™ Digital Signal Processor (Hexagon) on the SoC.
Typically, the WMI interface is used for control path transactions, and HTT is used for data path transactions.
|
| HTT/HAL |
Abstracts hardware data structures and implements the recipe for direct MMIO-based register access and memory access.
Depends on the hardware or chip.
Interfaces between data path driver and WLAN hardware in a highly optimized packet path implementation.
|
| Host interface for bus abstraction | |
| PCIe | |
| Copy engine (CE) | |
## Firmware components
The WLAN firmware runs on a dedicated processor (Q6). The WLAN firmware binary contains the following key components:
- Various 802.11 protocols and the statemachine of software modules
- Performance-related software algorithms like rate adaptation, coexistence, MIMO, and OFDMA
- Core MAC hardware programming recipes
- Uniform MAC/PHY service interface to upper layers
- Core PHY and RF hardware programming recipes. For example, RF calibration, BDF, and RADAR.

**Firmware components**
The following table provides the list of firmware components and their description.
| Component | Description |
| --- | --- |
| Host-firmware interface | |
| Protocol |
Implements various 802.11 standards protocols and state machines, offloads, host command, scan algorithms and event handling
|
| Performance algorithm and MAC services |
Performance algorithm implements performance related software algorithms like rate adaptation, transmit scheduler, Multi-User (MU) scheduler, MU grouping, Resource Unit (RU) allocator, Air Time Fairness (ATF) and hardware IP specific: Tx and Rx Data path, MAC control path sequences
MAC register programming and descriptor setup/completion, coexistence hardware recipes, chip power hardware recipes
|
| HAL PHY | Common software infrastructure for PHY/RFA hardware and HAL-PHY interface to firmware. |
| PHY/RF software | |
| System software | |
## Related
- [Learn about the source code locations of Wi-Fi software components](https://docs.qualcomm.com/doc/80-70033-14/topic/wifi-software.html#wifi-software)
- [Learn how to configure Wi-Fi](https://docs.qualcomm.com/doc/80-70033-14/topic/configure-wifi.html#configure-wifi)
- [Learn how to debug Wi-Fi issues](https://docs.qualcomm.com/doc/80-70033-14/topic/debug-wifi-issues.html#debug-wifi-issues)
Last Published: Sep 18, 2026
[Previous Topic
Set up Wi-Fi](https://docs.qualcomm.com/bundle/publicresource/80-70033-14/topics/setup-wifi.md) [Next Topic
Wi-Fi software](https://docs.qualcomm.com/bundle/publicresource/80-70033-14/topics/wifi-software.md)